Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)
The Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) is a new system of banking supervision for Europe. It comprises the ECB and the national supervisory authorities of the participating countries.
Its main aims are to:
- ensure the safety and soundness of the European banking system
- increase financial integration and stability
- ensure consistent supervision
The SSM is one of the two pillars of the EU banking union, along with the Single Resolution Mechanism.
Why do we need the SSM?
The recent financial crisis has shown how quickly and forcefully problems in the financial sector can spread, especially in a monetary union, and how such problems directly affect people across the euro area.
As an independent EU institution, the ECB oversees banking supervision from a European perspective by:
- establishing a common approach to day-to-day supervision
- taking harmonised supervisory actions and corrective measures
- ensuring the consistent application of regulations and supervisory policies
All of this helps to rebuild trust in the European banking sector.
What does banking supervision entail?
The ECB, in cooperation with the national supervisors, is responsible for the effective and consistent functioning of the SSM.
It has the authority to:
- conduct supervisory reviews, on-site inspections and investigations
- grant or withdraw banking licences
- assess banks’ acquisition and disposal of qualifying holdings
- ensure compliance with EU prudential rules
- set higher capital requirements (“buffers”) in order to counter any financial risks
Who is supervised?
Directly supervised banks
The ECB directly supervises the 116 significant banks of the participating countries. These banks hold almost 82% of banking assets in the euro area.
The decision on whether a bank is deemed significant is based on a number of criteria.
Criteria for determining significance
Ongoing supervision of the significant banks is carried out by Joint Supervisory Teams (JSTs). Each significant bank has a dedicated JST, comprising staff of the ECB and the national supervisors.
Indirectly supervised banks
Banks that are not considered significant are known as “less significant” institutions. They continue to be supervised by their national supervisors, in close cooperation with the ECB.
At any time the ECB can decide to directly supervise any one of these banks to ensure that high supervisory standards are applied consistently.
Which countries participate?
All euro area countries participate automatically in the SSM.
Other EU countries that do not yet have the euro as their currency can choose to participate. To do so, their national supervisors enter into “close cooperation” with the ECB.
ECB Decision governing the procedures for close cooperation
Cooperation with non-participating countries
For those EU countries that are not participating in the SSM, the ECB and the relevant national supervisors will set out in a memorandum of understanding how they will cooperate on supervisory matters.
What are the implications of the SSM for the Bank?
The entry into force of the SSM meant the transfer to the ECB of a substantial part of the Bank’s responsibilities, notably in regard to banks considered significant. For more information, please consult the Report 2014 - Prudential regulation and supervision.